The current republic:

2."Blood and Iron" was the political and economic policy of?
"Blood and Iron" is the title of a famous speech by German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck given in 1862 about the unification of the German territories.

Here's an article about his life and it mentions "Blood and Iron":

3. Who was the founder of the"Young Italy" movement??

4. The"Sick man of Europe" was a term applied to who?
The Ottoman Empire, because it was crumbling:

5.The Ptolemaic theory of the universe was disproved by who?

Excellent article about this here:

6.The first writer to produce a significant work in verbacual(national) language was who??

???

7.Napoleon was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo by armies under who?
Defeated by the Duke of Wellington, British Army in the year 1815.

8.The Proestant Reformation started primarily because of the action of who?

Mainly, Martin Luther, when he posted the 95 Thesis on the church door. Read more here:

and here:

Hope this helps!

4. The phrase "sick man of Europe" is commonly attributed to Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, referring to the Ottoman Empire, because it was increasingly falling under the financial control of the European powers and had lost territory in a series of disastrous wars. However, it is not clear that he ever said the precise phrase. Letters from Sir G.H. Seymour, the British ambassador to St. Petersburg, to Lord John Russell, in 1853, in the run up to the Crimean War, quote Nicholas I of Russia as saying that the Ottoman Empire was a sick man—a very sick man", a "man" who "has fallen into a state of decrepitude", or a "sick man … gravely ill".[1][2][3]

The Quebecois, however, might disagree.]]>

4. The phrase "sick man of Europe" is commonly attributed to Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, referring to the Ottoman Empire, because it was increasingly falling under the financial control of the European powers and had lost territory in a series of disastrous wars. However, it is not clear that he ever said the precise phrase. Letters from Sir G.H. Seymour, the British ambassador to St. Petersburg, to Lord John Russell, in 1853, in the run up to the Crimean War, quote Nicholas I of Russia as saying that the Ottoman Empire was a sick man—a very sick man", a "man" who "has fallen into a state of decrepitude", or a "sick man … gravely ill".[1][2][3]